Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in southeastern Europe, bordered by Croatia to the north, Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. The country has a small coastline along the Adriatic and features diverse terrain, including mountainous regions like the Dinaric Alps, fertile valleys, and rivers such as the Sava, Drina, and Neretva.

The climate varies from wet Mediterranean in most areas to continental in the north. Phytogeographically, it belongs to the Boreal Kingdom, divided into three ecoregions: Pannonian mixed forests, Dinaric Mountains mixed forests, and Illyrian deciduous forests.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich mining history dating back over 5,000 years, with significant ore-bearing areas in central, western, and eastern regions. Land use statistics indicate that arable land makes up 19.73%, permanent crops 2.06%, and other uses 78.22%.

The country faces environmental challenges such as air pollution, deforestation, and water shortages, particularly due to its history of conflict. It has signed international agreements on biodiversity, climate change, and marine life conservation but remains party to none yet unratified.

Overall, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a region with rich natural resources, diverse geography, and significant environmental concerns.